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Dietary quality and mindful eating among pregnant women with and without gestational diabetes Hatice Nur Özbay , Sinem Bayram , Esen Yeşil Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Başkent University, Ankara, Türkiye ‹D ‹D ‹D Introduction Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is defined as any degree of glucose intolerance with onset or first recognition during pregnancy. It is a common and severe pregnancy complication developing with spontaneous hyperglycemia and is associated with multiple adverse maternal and fetal outcomes.[1,2] The incidence of GDM is increasing in parallel with maternal obesity. According to the Diabetes Atlas published by the International Diabetes Federation (IDF), 16% of live births had some form of hyperglycemia in pregnancy, and 84% were due to GDM.[3] In addition to maternal obesity, certain ethnicities like African, Asian, Hispanic, Native American, and Pacific Island descents, physical inactivity, dyslipidemia, cardiovascular diseases, GDM history in previous pregnancies, advanced maternal age, low socioeconomic or education level, miscarriages or previous unexplained stillbirths, polycystic ovary syndrome, family history of GDM and severe diabetes are common risk factors for GDM.[4,5] The main components of GDM treatment are medical nutrition therapy, lifestyle changes and weight management for achieving target glycemic control. Many women with GDM respond to lifestyle modification like eating behaviors and physical activity which has eminent role in diabetes treatment.[6–8] Individualized dietary treatment should be planned according to age, body mass index (BMI), and weight gained until that week of gestation for every pregnant woman with GDM. Pharmacological treatment is preferred in women who cannot achieve target plasma glucose levels with lifestyle changes.[2] The purpose of mindful eating is to help individuals savor the moment and the food and encourage their full Correspondence: Sinem Bayram. Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Başkent University, Bağlıca Kampüsü, Fatih Sultan Mah., Eskişehir Yolu 18. km, 06790 Etimesgut, Ankara, Türkiye. e-mail: [email protected] / Received: August 12, 2022; Accepted: October 17, 2022 How to cite this article: Özbay HN, Bayram S, Yeşil E. Dietary quality and mindful eating among pregnant women with and without gestational diabetes. Perinat J 2023;31(1):18–24. doi:10.2399/prn.23.0311004 Original Article Perinatal Journal 2023;31(1):18–24 ©2023 Perinatal Medicine Foundation ! ” # $ % & ‘ & ( ) * + # % & ( ! ” # $ % & ‘ & ( ) * + # % & ( ORCID ID: H. N. Özbay 0000-0002-3489-3690; S. Bayram 0000-0003-1569-7747; E. Yeşil 0000-0003-0234-204X Abstract Objective: The incidence of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is increasing in parallel with maternal obesity. The main components of treatment are monitoring blood glucose levels with medical nutrition therapy and lifestyle modification in order to prevent short- and longterm materno-fetal complications. This study aimed to compare the diet quality and mindful eating among pregnant women with and without GDM. Methods: This case-control study included 68 pregnant women. Each participant was face-to-face interviewed using a structured questionnaire to obtain socio-demographic information, general health information, nutritional habits, and registered three days of food record. Mindful Eating Questionnaire (MEQ) and Healthy Eating Index (HEI) were applied in order to assess mindful eating and diet quality, respectively. Results: Mean pre-pregnancy body mass index of women was 27.42+5.44 kg/m2, 66.7% of the gestational diabetes group and 29.4% of the control group was obese. Differences in HEI adequacy subgroup scores between the groups were significant. Mean MEQ scores were 2.85±0.34 and 3.13±0.44 in pregnant women with gestational diabetes and control cases, respectively (r=0.61, p=0003, p
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